The diet of animals must provide the right amount of the main nutritional elements such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Until the middle of the last century, feed was low in nutrients, often produced and stored in an unsuitable way. Salt lick was used to supply minerals and vitamins and rations were often insufficient for animal needs, with consequences on well-being and increased sensitivity to diseases. In recent decades, the progress of scientific research on animal nutrition has allowed a continuous improvement in the quality of feed and feed is increasingly attentive to the health of the animal. To ensure well-being, the nutrients necessary for growth and health must be provided in qualitative and quantitative terms and, to achieve this goal, it is necessary that they are selected, controlled, balanced but also free from some anti-nutritional factors present in multiple vegetal raw materials.
For example, in its natural state, soybean has 25 anti-nutritive factors; wheat, on the other hand, contains a protein capable of blocking intestinal production of amylase in animals and humans, the enzyme necessary for the correct digestion of starch
As for some foods intended for human consumption, heat treatments (cooking, flaking, roasting) are methods that allow you to obtain easily metabolizable, digestible and healthy feed, as they make the food more effective for the organism and give the product microbiological stability.
Developing Animal Feed For Kenyan Farmers
Generally animals must have a ration containing: Energy (from carbohydrates and fats) to maintain the body and produce (milk, meat, work). The carbohydrates and fats not needed for production are converted to fat and stored in the body. Protein is needed for body building (growth) and maintenance as well as milk production. Without protein there would be no body weight gain nor milk production. Excess protein is converted to urea and fat Minerals help in body building as well as in biological regulation of growth and reproduction. They are also a major source of nutrients in milk. Vitamins help regulate the biological processes in the body and become a source of nutrients in milk. Water helps all over in body building, heat regulation, biological processes as well as a large constituent of milk production as well as eggs. A publication, Co-products, an essential part of animal nutrition, describes how ingredients such as sugar beet pulp, maize gluten feed, wheat bran and dried distillers’ grains are generated and it shows the value they bring in compound feed.
The European Feed Manufacturers' Federation (FEFAC) said it compiled the report to press home to EU stakeholders and policymakers the extensive use of co-products by the EU feed industry and the role the sector plays in the food chain’s circular economy, which it said tends to be overlooked.
The use of co-products fits the fundamental ethos of the EU compound feed industry, delivering the most cost-effective feed resources, where possible using elements that would otherwise go to waste, said the industry representatives.
Sugar For Animal Feed: Feeding Bees, Livestock, Etc
The example of converting co-products into nutritious animal feed is a key element of the role we play in the circular economy and we would like to create more awareness about it.
We hope that this publication illustrates how livestock farming and non-animal food production are interlinked. Indirectly, compound feed manufacturing is far more part of daily food production than people generally know,
Farmed animals, especially ruminants, have the unique capacity of being able to use the co-products of arable product processing that are not consumed by people as food or drink, or used to produce biofuels or other industrial products, continued FEFAC.
Animal Feed Consumption
also highlighted how livestock rely primarily on forages, crop residues and co-products that are not edible to humans. That paper showed how 86% of the global livestock feed intake in dry matter consists of feed materials that are not currently edible for humans.
Anne Mottet, livestock development officer, FAO, said she realized that people were continually being exposed to incorrect information about livestock and the environment that is repeated without being challenged, in particular about livestock feed. The FAO led study was about addressing those kind of discrepancies and providing peer-reviewed evidence to inform policymakers and the public, she said.
Animal nutrition science is used to extract nutritional and economic value from co-products and to formulate them into high-performing feedstuffs for farmed animals; that process involves analyzing the nutritional components available in co-products, then matching them with the physiological and nutritional requirements of farm animals at specific life stages, according to the report.
Potentially Hazardous Contaminants In Animal Feed
stressed FEFAC, citing the example of the co-product, brewers’ grains, which it said have no role in human consumption but, because of animal nutrition science, have become a valuable feed material.
Indeed, the report identifies how brewers’ grains are rich in proteins and highly digestible fiber, making them particularly beneficial to cattle and other ruminants. The fiber supports the functioning of the rumen, complementing forage-based diets that are high in starch and lack readily fermentable fiber, noted the review. With crude protein content ranging from 19–31% on a dry matter basis, brewers’ grains are also a good source of protein, it said. However, due to their high moisture level, brewers' grains are perishable, so livestock activity in the proximity of a brewery is also desirable.
“Ensuring that secondary materials such as brewers’ grains and brewers’ yeast have a sustainable outlet as protein, fiber and vitamin-rich animal feed is integral to the brewing sector’s constantly improving environmental performance, ”
More Meat, More Feed
The FEFAC report also highlighted how meat industry co-products, processed animal proteins (PAPs) from non-ruminant livestock, approved for use in aquaculture since 2013, are particularly suitable for inclusion in the feed of carnivorous fish such as salmon.
“PAP contains essential amino acids, including lysine and methionine, as well as fats and minerals such as calcium and phosphorous. It is also highly palatable and digestible for fish, and has no anti-nutritive constituents.
“At the time of writing, a further lifting of the feed ban introduced in 2001 is under discussion. The next possible relaxation regards the use of pork PAP in poultry diets and poultry PAP in pig diets. An essential precursor to this is the effectiveness of controls based on analytical tests to verify the identity of particular types of PAP.”
Reduce Wasted Food By Feeding Animals
FEFAC also made it clear in the report that it wants to encourage, and, where possible, assist suppliers of co-products to reach next-level awareness and manage their manufacturing processes to optimally preserve and even upgrade the nutritional quality of the materials destined for feed.
“The value of co-products as feedstuffs depends on producers maintaining their nutritional integrity and safety when producing, handling, storing and transporting them – in other words, treating them like ’products’ and not as discarded ‘waste’.”
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