2 Definition The application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing or production of materials by animals or aquatic species to provide goods and services (NRC 2003)
3 Animals are playing a growing role in the advancement of biotechnology, as well as increasingly benefiting from biotechnology. Combining animals and biotechnology results in advances in four primary areas: 1. Advances in human health 2. Improved animal health and welfare 3. Enhancements to animal products 4. Environmental and conservation benefits
4 1- Animal Animals provide a number of products we use in every day life: Milk Leather Meat Wool Egg Enzymes And many more e-g medicine
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biotechnology
6 Applications developed through research have led to the emergence of three scientific agricultural animal biotechnology sectors: 1. Animal genomics 2. Animal cloning 3. Genetic engineering of animals
7 Animal genomics Genomics defines and characterizes the complete genetic makeup of an animal. By understanding the genomes of animals, we can better understand the basis for disease resistance, disease susceptibility, weight gain, and determinants of nutritional value.
8 Animal cloning Using somatic cell nuclear transfer, livestock breeders can create an exact genetic copy of an existing animal – essentially an identical twin. Cloning does not manipulate the animal’s genetic makeup nor change an animal’s DNA: it is simply another form of sophisticated assisted reproduction.
Pbb 111: Introduction To Plant Biology And Biotechnology
9 Transgenic animals A transgenic animal is one which has had genetic material from another species added to its DNA. This breakthrough technology allows scientists to precisely transfer beneficial genes from one species to another.
Animals have been used for years to produce medicines for humans. Animal-made pharmaceuticals (AMPs) transform biotech animals into “factories” to produce therapeutic proteins in their milk, eggs, and blood, which can be used in the development of biopharmaceuticals. In addition, biotechnology can be used to produce human-compatible transplant organs, tissues and cells in pigs that can be vital to enhancing human health.
For decades, farmers have been improving livestock herds through enhanced animal husbandry practices and more modern technologies, such as artificial insemination, embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, genetic mapping and cloning. Through biotechnology, farmers can enhance breeding, resulting in healthier herds. Additionally, the animal health industry has developed treatments that can prevent and treat disease. New vaccines, diagnostic tests and practices can help farmers treat animal diseases, while reducing food borne pathogens at the farm level.
Animal Cell Culture Definition, Types, Cell Lines, Procedure, Applications
Improved animal health conditions from vaccines, medicines and diagnostic tests result in safer foods for consumers. In addition, food quality may be improved by introducing desirable traits through new genes into farm livestock and poultry. In the future, meat, milk and egg products from animals can be nutritionally enriched with the use of biotechnology.
Biotechnology can help produce environmentally friendly animals, as well as conserve endangered species. Farm animals and their feeds have been improved through biotechnology to reduce animal wastes, minimizing the impact on the environment. Today’s reproductive and cloning techniques offer the possibility of preserving the genetics of endangered species. Genetic studies of endangered animals can also result in increased genetic diversity which can result in healthier populations of species.
Animals may be used to produce products that promote human health Increase milk productivity , Example Transgenic organisms are organisms that are injected with foreign DNA from another organism Cows engineered to produce human hemoglobin
Biotechnology In Animal Science
Biotechnology can lead to new and improved animal products. For example, it can modify the composition of milk, or the fat content of meat. Genetically transformed cows can produce designer milks with superior properties for use in various milk products. Added caseins in milk, for instance, can enhance cheese making. Increasing the phosphate group in casein can enhance the level of calcium. Removal of the source of lactose intolerance in milk can have a significant impact on the market for dairy products, especially among the 90 % of people with an Asian or African background who are lactose-intolerant.
16 1- Animal Biotech b) Animal Cloning Cloning is the copying animal gene into many copies, Start with Embryo Twinning (splitting embryos in half) Advantage of cloning: preservation of endangered animals, studying the effect of drugs etc on duplicates, improve agricultural production Dolly and her surrogate mother.
Animal health and well being have become increasingly important issues for animal producers and consumers. Biotechnology can improve animal health by producing genetically engineered animal that resist disease. The development of genome resources and technologies allow for identification of several host resistance genes. Aim: to prepare and present about genetic bases of disease resistance in the livestock sector
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Artificial insemination- the transfer of collected semen to a recipient female Semen is collected from males of desired quality Semen is graded and stored
E) What is test tube baby? In vitro fertilization- fertilization of collected ova outside the reproductive tract; Usually in a test tube Semen is collected from males of desired quality Ova are removed from females Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish or test tube
20 Animal Biotechnology In Vitro Fertilization: procedure in which eggs are fertilized with sperm in a dish. Resulting embryos can be used for embryo transfer or frozen (cryopreserved) for future use
Animal Welfare Issues & Topics
21 1- Animal Biotech F) Embryo transfer What is Embryo Transfer? Embryo transfer- removing fertilized ova (embryos) from donor and implanting in a recipient Surgical and nonsurgical methods are used to remove and implant A quality donor female can produce more offspring
22 1- Animal biotech G) What is Multiple Ovulation Multiple ovulation- promoting increased release of ova during estrus Hormone injections administered prior to estrus Used with embryo transfer AI may be used to fertilize ova After fertilization, embryos are removed and placed in recipients
23 Animal Biotechnology Cloning: creation of an organism that is genetically identical of another Two Ways: Artificial Embryo Twinning & Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
Animal Breeding: Selected Articles From The World Animal Review
24 Animal Biotechnology Stem Cell Research: process of changing undifferentiated cells into specialized cells Two Types of Cells Used: Embryonic and Adult
25 Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. She was cloned by Sir Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbelland colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh Scotland, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics, based near Edinburgh. The funding for Dolly's cloning was provided by PPL Therapeutics and the Ministry of Agriculture.
26 1996, University of Edinburgh scientists celebrated the birth of Dolly the Sheep, the first mammal to be cloned using adult somatic cells. The Edinburgh team’s success followed its improvements to the single cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique used in the cloning process. Dolly became a global scientific icon and SCNT technology has spread around the world and has been used to clone multiple farm animals. The cloning of livestock enables growing large quantities of the most productive, disease-resistant animals, thus providing more food and other animal products.
Major Areas Of Animal Biotechnology
First animal cloned from diploid cells was Dolly the sheep in 1996 In 2002, a private company claimed to have successfully cloned the first human child
28 The future of cloning preservation of endangered animals, studying the effect of drugs etc on duplicates, improve agricultural production. Limits to Cloning: The donor cell must come from a living organism An organism is also shaped by its environment The success rate for cloning is very low Clones may be old before their time
Knockout Animals Used to determine the function of specific genes, by creating animals without these genes Knockouts are primarily used to understand the role of a specific gene or DNA region by comparing the knockout organism to a wildtype with a similar genetic background. laboratory mouse in which a gene affecting hair growth has been knocked out (left), is shown next to a normal lab mouse.
What Is Agriculture Biotechnology?
31 Blue biotechnology Blue (Marine) Biotechnology is the use of living marine resources at (eco-)system, concept, organism at molecular level to provide beneficial solutions for the society.
Blue Biotechnology is providing many new solutions to Industry and Agriculture, including environmental friendly pesticides and salt-resistant enzymes that are helpful in many industrial applications. Single cell protein, bio fertilizers etc.,
1. Viral Diseases- development of vaccines Fish vaccines will greatly aid the fish industry, but very few are available. Fish are not easily vaccinated; it is usually done by injection or by immersing them in water with the vaccine. Using ultrasound can facilitate vaccine entry into fish. The vaccine is produced by isolating and expressing genes encoding viral proteins. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN).
Biotechnology: Principles And Processes
Haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in rainbow trout and immuno-histochemical analysis of the injection site The fish were anaesthetized and injected with 20 μg of plasmid in the epaxial muscle In fish injected with a plasmid encoding the VHSV G-gene, expression of the G protein (red staining) by myocytes along the needle track induced a local inflammatory reaction (many infiltrating leucocytes with blue nuclei)
37 2. Transgenic Fish. Gene transfers have been successful in several fishes e.g common carp, rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, catfish. Salmon or rainbow trout growth hormone, chicken δ-crystalline protein, winter flounder antifreeze protein, E coli β-galactosidase and E coli hygromycin gene.
38 Transgenic techniques are used to introduce desirable traits into fish, primarily to allow them to increase the growth and weight
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